Dhammachakkapavatan Dīn (October 14, 1956) is a landmark date in Indian history, commemorating the day when Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent social reformer and architect of the Indian Constitution, along with thousands of his followers, converted to Buddhism in Nagpur. This act of mass conversion marked a significant cultural and religious transformation, particularly for individuals from oppressed castes seeking to escape the entrenched inequalities of the caste system in Hindu society. Since that historic day, every year on October 14, many individuals continue to follow Dr. Ambedkar’s path, organising mass conversion ceremonies across various regions in India. The act of conversion is not merely a change of religion; it is a profound statement against caste discrimination and a quest for dignity and equality.In 2022, the political ramifications of this movement were highlighted when Rajendra Pal Gautam, a minister from the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), resigned following his participation in a mass conversion ceremony in Karol Bagh, New Delhi. His resignation underscores the tensions surrounding the act of conversion, especially as it challenges the dominant caste's authority.To understand why the conversion of oppressed caste individuals to Buddhism poses a threat to dominant caste leaders, it is essential to explore the historical significance of religious conversion and its implications for social structures. The aṣṭamahāpratihārya, or the great eight episodes, provides a comprehensive overview of the life of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. Key events in his life include his birth into royalty, shielding him from the realities of suffering, and his attainment of enlightenment under the Bodhi tree after years of ascetic practice, realising the nature of suffering and the path to liberation. Upon his enlightenment, the Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath, setting the Dhammacakkapavattana (the setting in motion of the wheel of dhamma) in motion. In this sermon, he articulated the Four Noble Truths and introduced the Middle Path as a means to transcend suffering, which were then recorded in the sutta. Throughout his life, the Buddha performed various miracles, including the taming of Nalagiri, the elephant, and the Miracle at Sravasti, which reinforced his teachings and attracted followers.While the narrative of Dhammachakkapavatan Dīn is often associated with Emperor Ashoka, numerous historical figures were instrumental in promoting Buddhism in its early days. Bimbisara, the King of Magadha, met the Buddha and became one of his earliest followers, providing crucial patronage that allowed Buddhism to flourish during its formative years. Ajatashatru, the son of Bimbisara, was a contemporary of the Buddha and accepted his teachings, playing a significant role in organizing the First Buddhist Council at Rajgir, which helped consolidate the Buddha's teachings. Pasenadi, the King of Kosala, was a prominent supporter of the Buddha. He invited the Buddha to his capital, Shravasti, where the Buddha performed notable miracles and delivered teachings, with Pasenadi’s reign seeing the commissioning of numerous stupas, further embedding Buddhism within the cultural landscape of the region.The Kushan Empire (c. 30–375 CE) marked a transformative period for Buddhism, particularly through its interactions along the Silk Route. The Kushan rulers, especially Kanishka the Great, were significant patrons of Buddhism, facilitating its spread across Asia and encouraging cross-cultural exchanges. This era also saw the emergence of Gandhara art, a unique blend of Greek artistic influences and Buddhist themes, which played a crucial role in the visual representation and dissemination of Buddhist teachings.The legacy of Dhammachakkapavatan Dīn resonates deeply within contemporary Indian society. Dr. Ambedkar’s conversion to Buddhism represents not only a rejection of social hierarchies but also a powerful assertion of identity and dignity for marginalized communities. The historical connections between early Buddhist kings, their support for the Buddha, and the ongoing impact of Buddhism highlight its enduring relevance. As we reflect on these events, we recognize that the struggle for equality and justice continues, underscoring the transformative potential of Buddhism as a path toward social change.
